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| - | {{Остатье
| + | #redirect [[:ej:История евреев в Шотландии]] |
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| - | | АВТОР1 = Л.Гроервейдл
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| - | | СУПЕРВАЙЗЕР =
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| - | | КАЧЕСТВО =
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| - | | УРОВЕНЬ =
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| - | | ДАТА СОЗДАНИЯ =7/07/2012
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| - | | ВИКИПЕДИЯ =
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| - | | НЕОДНОЗНАЧНОСТЬ =
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| - | }}{{Начало_работы}}
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| - | {{Этническая общность
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| - | |Этнический таксон = Шотландские евреи
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| - | |Наиболее распространённое название = евреи
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| - | |Самоназвание или на языке первоисточника = Jews
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| - | |Иллюстрирование = [[File:Malcolm rifkind.JPG|90x90px]] [[File:Andrea McLean.jpg|90x90px]] <br>
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| - | [[File:Cutlerportrait.jpg|1000x90px]] [[File:Muriel Spark 1960.jpg|90x90px]]<br>
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| - | [[File:Markknopfler20061.jpg|90x90px]] [[File:Emanuel Shinwel HU 059765.jpg|1000x90px]]<br>
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| - | <small>[[Рифкинд, Малькольм|Мальколь Рифкинд]] • [[МакЛин, Андреа|Андреа МакЛин]] <br>• [[Калтер, Айвор|Айвор Калтер]] • [[Спарк, Мюриэл|Мюриэл Спарк]] •<br> [[Нопфлер, Марк|Марк Нопфлер]] • [[Шинвелл, Мэнни (барон)|Барон Шинвелл]]</small>
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| - | |Этноиерархия = Евреи-ашкенази, евреи-сефарды, итальянские евреи, восточные евреи
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| - | |Другие названия = אידן
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| - | |Упоминания =
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| - | |Язык = Английский, идиш, ладино, арабо-еврейский, "шотландский идиш"
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| - | |Религия = Иудаизм
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| - | |Связанные этносы =
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| - | |Современный ареал расселения и численность = [[Эдинбург]], Большое [[Глазго]], Данди 6,400
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| - | |Исторический ареал расселения = Шотландия
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| - | }}
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| - | {{История еврейского народа}}
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| - | [[File:Garnethill synagogue.jpg|right|thumb|190px|[[Джернетиллская синагога]] в Глазго.]]
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| - | Самая ранняя дата прибытия евреев в Шотландию не известна. Хотя возможность того, что евреи посетили Шотландию во времена Римской империи с римским завоеванием южной Британии не может быть исключена, нет никаких исторических фактов об их присутствии.
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| - | Первые конкретные исторические ссылки на евреев в Шотландии - с XVII-го века. Подавляющее большинство шотландских евреев сегодня - [[ашкенази]], которые поселились в [[Эдинбург]]е, затем в основном в [[Глазго]] в конце XIX века. Большая часть истории евреев в Шотландии - часть общей истории евреев в Великобритании, и шотландский аспект, как правило, маргинален.
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| - | <!--
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| - | ==Middle Ages to union with England==
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| - | Evidence of Jews in medieval Scotland is scanty, but in 1190, the Bishop of Glasgow forbade churchmen to "ledge their benefices for money borrowed from Jews".<ref>{{cite web |publisher=jewishvirtuallibrary|title=Scotland|url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Scotland.html}}</ref> This was around the time of the Anti-Jewish riots in England so it is possible that Jews may have arrived in Scotland as refugees, or it may refer to English Jews from whom Scots were borrowing money. While England during the [[Middle Ages]] had state persecution of the Jews, culminating in the [[Edict of Expulsion]] of 1290 (Jews may have fled to Scotland at this time<ref>{{citation | title=When Scotland Was Jewish | first1=Elizabeth | last1=Caldwell Hirschman | first2=Donald N. | last2=Yates |isbn=978-0-7864-2800-7 | url=http://www.mcfarlandpub.com/book-2.php?id=978-0-7864-2800-7}}</ref>) there was never a corresponding expulsion from Scotland, suggesting either greater tolerance or the simple fact that Jews may not have been resident. The eminent Scottish-Jewish scholar [[David Daiches]] wrote in his autobiographical ''Two Worlds: An Edinburgh Jewish Childhood'' that there are grounds for stating that Scotland is the only European country that has no history of state persecution of Jews.
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| - | In the Middle Ages, much of Scotland's trade was with Continental Europe, the wool of the Border abbeys being the country's main export to Flanders and the Low Countries. [[Aberdeen]] and [[Dundee]] had close links to [[Baltic Sea|Baltic]] ports in [[Poland]] and [[Lithuania]] where [[Scotland|Scottish]] merchants traded. It is possible therefore that Jews may have come to [[Scotland]] to do business with their [[Scotland|Scottish]] counterparts, although no direct evidence of this exists.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=electricscotland.com|title=History|url=http://www.electricscotland.com/history/poland/scotsndx.htm}}</ref>
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| - | Like many Christian nations, medieval Scots claimed a Biblical connection. The [[Declaration of Arbroath]] (6 April 1320) appealed to [[Pope John XXII]] for recognition of Scotland's status as an independent, sovereign state and asserted its right to use military action when considered unjustly attacked. It was sealed by fifty-one magnates and nobles. It is still periodically referenced by [[British Israelism|British Israelitists]], because the text asserts that in the eyes of God:
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| - | :''cum non sit Pondus nec distinccio Judei et Greci, Scoti aut Anglici''
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| - | :(there is neither bias nor difference between Jew or Greek, Scot or English)
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| - | The first recorded Jew in [[Edinburgh]] was one [[David Brown (Scottish Jew)|David Brown]] in 1691, shortly before the [[Act of Union 1707]],.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ehcong.com/JewishHistory.htm|title=Edinburgh Jewish History | publisher=Edinburgh Hebrew Congregation}}</ref> Brown made an application to reside and trade in the city.<ref name="Jewish history">{{cite web |publisher=ehcong.com|title=Jewish history|url=http://www.ehcong.com/JewishHistory.htm}}</ref>
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| - | ==Post-union==
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| - | Most Jewish immigration appears to have occurred post-industrialisation, and post-1707, meaning that Jews in Scotland were subject to various anti-Jewish laws applied to Britain as a whole. [[Oliver Cromwell]] readmitted Jews to the [[Commonwealth of England]] during [[The Protectorate]] in 1656, and would have had influence over whether they could reside north of the border. Scotland was under the jurisdiction of the [[Jew Bill of 1753|Jew Bill]], enacted in 1753, but repealed the next year.
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| - | The first graduate from the [[University of Glasgow]] who was openly known to be Jewish was Levi Myers, in 1787. Unlike their English contemporaries, Scottish students were not required to take a religious oath.
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| - | In 1795, Herman Lyon, originally of German nationality, and a dentist and [[chiropody|chiropodist]], bought a burial plot in Edinburgh. He had moved to Scotland in 1788. The presence of the plot on [[Calton Hill]] is no longer obvious today, but it is marked on the Ordnance Survey map of 1852 as "Jew's [[burial vault (tomb)|Burial vault]]".<ref name="Jewish history"/>
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| - | [[File:Old Jewish Burial Ground, Sciennes.jpg|thumb|180px|The old Jewish burial ground in Edinburgh dates from 1813]]
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| - | The first Jewish congregation in Edinburgh was founded in 1816, and in Glasgow in 1823.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=sefarad.org|title=Glascow|url=http://www.sefarad.org/publication/lm/022/glasgow.html}}</ref> That of [[Aberdeen]] was founded in 1893. The Jewish cemetery in [[Dundee]] indicates that there has been a Jewish congregation in that city since the 19th century.
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| - | Isaac Cohen, a [[Hatmaking|hatter]] resident in Glasgow, was admitted a [[burgess (title)|burgess]] of the city on 22 September 1812. The first interment on the [[Glasgow Necropolis]] was that of Joseph Levi, a quill merchant and cholera victim who was buried there on 12 September 1832. This occurred in the year before the formal opening of the burial ground, a part of it having been sold to the Jewish community beforehand for one hundred guineas.<ref>D Daiches, Glasgow, Andre Deutsch, 1977, p.139-40</ref> Glasgow-born [[Asher Asher]] (1837–1889) was the first Scottish Jew to enter the medical profession. He was the author of ''The Jewish Rite of Circumcision'' (1873).
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| - | By 1878, Jews became attached to the Scottish aristocracy when [[Hannah Primrose, Countess of Rosebery|Hannah de Rothschild]], born in England, married [[Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery]]. She died at [[Dalmeny]]. Her son, [[Harry Primrose, 6th Earl of Rosebery|Harry]], would become [[Secretary of State for Scotland]] in 1945 for a year.
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| - | In order to avoid persecution in the [[Russian Empire]], Jews settled in the larger cities of the UK, including Scotland, most notably in [[Glasgow]] (especially the poorer part of the city, the [[Gorbals]], alongside Irish and Italian immigrants). A smaller community existed in [[Edinburgh]] and even smaller groups in [[Dundee]], [[Aberdeen]], [[Greenock]] and [[Ayr]]. Russian Jews tended to come from the west of the empire, especially the Baltic countries, in particular [[Lithuania]], hoping to use Scotland as a staging post en route to North America. This explains why Glasgow was their favoured location, although those who could not earn well enough to afford the transatlantic voyage ended up settling in the city.<ref>R Glasser, Growing Up in the Gorbals, Chatto & Windus, 1986</ref>
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| - | ==20th and 21st centuries==
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| - | [[File:Jewish Soldiers Memorial, Piershill Cemetery, Edinburgh.JPG|thumb|left|100px|Memorial to Edinburgh's Jews who died fighting in the world wars]]
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| - | Immigration continued into the 20th century, with over 8,000 Jews in 1905.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=jewishencyclopedia|title=Scotland|url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=403&letter=S&search=scotland}}</ref> Refugees from [[Nazism]] and the [[Second World War]] further augmented the Scottish Jewish community, which has been estimated to have reached 80,000 in the mid-20th century.<ref>{{cite journal| title=Rockets can't keep Scots from their Israeli roots | first=Murdo | last=Macleod | journal=The Scotsman | date=20 August 2006 | url=http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Home/About/Press+Room/Jewish+Agency+In+The+News/2006/4/aug20nsc.htm}}</ref> It is important to remember that the Jewish population in the United Kingdom peaked at 500,000 but has declined to almost half that number today.<ref>{{cite news | first=Robert | last=Pigott | title=Jewish population on the increase | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk/7411877.stm |publisher=BBC News | date=21 May 2008}}</ref>
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| - | Some elements of the [[British Union of Fascists]] were anti-Jewish and one of its main ideologues [[Alexander Raven Thomson]] was a Scot. [[Oswald Mosley]] did visit Scotland, but his group was physically attacked in Edinburgh by communists and Scottish nationalists, as well as by "[[Protestant Action]]", which believed his group to be an Italian (i.e. Roman Catholic) intrusion.<ref>{{citation | first=Stephen | last=Cullen |publisher=Herald|title=Nationalism and sectarianism 'stopped rise of Scots fascists' | url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/nationalism-and-sectarianism-stopped-rise-of-scots-fascists-1.898494 | date=26 December 2008}}</ref> In fact, William Kenefick of Dundee University has claimed that bigotry was diverted away from Jews by anti-Catholicism, particularly in Glasgow where the main ethnic chauvinist agitation was against [[Irish Catholics]].<ref>{{citation | first=Senay | last=Boztas |publisher=Sunday Herald|title=Why Scotland has never hated Jews ... it was too busy hating Catholics | url=http://www.sundayherald.com/45344 | date=17 October 2004 | accessdate=1 May 2010 |archiveurl = http://web.archive.org/web/20060131145714/http://www.sundayherald.com/45344 |archivedate = 31 January 2006}}</ref> [[Archibald Maule Ramsay]], a Scots politician claimed that [[World War II]] was a "Jewish war" and was the only MP in the UK interned under [[Defence Regulation 18B]]. In the Gorbals at least, both Louise Sless and Woolf Silver, recall no anti-Semitic sentiment.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=European Sephardic Institute|title=The Gorbals and the Jews of Glasgow | first= Kurt | last=Fleischmann|url=http://www.sefarad.org/publication/lm/022/glasgow.html}}</ref>
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| - | [[File:Edinburgh Synagogue, Salisbury Road.jpg|thumb|The Edinburgh Synagogue in the [[Newington, Edinburgh|Newington]] area of the city]]
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| - | According to the 2001 census, approximately 6,400 Jews live in Scotland, most of whom are in Edinburgh (about 1,000), Glasgow (about 5,000) and to a lesser extent Dundee. Scotland's Jewish population continues to be predominantly urban. The [[SSPCA]] came into conflict with the Aberdeen congregation over [[kosher|slaughtering methods]] at the turn of the 20th century. As with Christianity, the practising Jewish population continues to fall, as many younger Jews either become secular, or intermarry with other faiths. Scottish Jews have also emigrated in large numbers to the USA, England and the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]] for economic reasons, as other Scots have done.
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| - | In March 2008 the Jewish [[tartan]] was designed by Brian Wilton<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.tartansauthority.com/tartan-ferret/display/7615/jewish | publisher=Scottish Tartans Authority | title=Jewish Tartan | accessdate=1 May 2010}}</ref> for [[Chabad]] [[rabbi]] Mendel Jacobs of [[Glasgow]] and certified by the [[Scottish Tartans Authority]].<ref name="forw">{{cite journal | url=http://www.forward.com/articles/13787/ | last=Schwartzapfel | first=Beth | title=Sound the Bagpipes: Scots Design Jewish Tartan | journal=Forward | date=17 July 2008 | accessdate=1 May 2010}}</ref> The [[tartan]]'s colors are blue, white, silver, red and gold. According to Jacobs: "The blue and white represent the colours of the [[Flag of Scotland|Scottish]] and [[Israeli flag]]s, with the central gold line representing the gold from the Biblical [[Tabernacle]], the [[Ark of the Covenant]] and the many ceremonial vessels ... the silver is from the decorations that adorn the [[Torah|Scroll of Law]] and the red represents the traditional red [[Kiddush]] wine."<ref>{{cite journal | url=http://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/2008/05/16/rabbi-creates-first-official-jewish-tartan-86908-20419057/ | last=Hamilton | first=Tom | title=Rabbi creates first official Jewish tartan | journal=Daily Record | date=16 May 2008 | accessdate=1 May 2010}}</ref>
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| - | =="Scots-Yiddish"==
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| - | Scots Yiddish is the name given to a Jewish hybrid vernacular between [[Scots language|Lowland Scots]] and [[Yiddish]] which had a brief currency in the Lowlands of [[Scotland]] in the first half of the 20th century. The Scottish literary historian [[David Daiches]] describes it in his autobiographical account of his Edinburgh Jewish childhood, ''Two Worlds''.<ref>David Daiches, ''Two Worlds'', 1956, Cannnongate edition 1987, ISBN 0-86241-148-3, p. 119f.</ref>
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| - | Daiches explores the social stratification of Edinburgh Jewish society in the interwar period, noting what is effectively a class divide between two parts of the community, on the one hand a highly educated and well-integrated group who sought a synthesis of Orthodox Rabbinical and Modern Secular thinking, on the other a Yiddish-speaking group most comfortable maintaining the lifestyle of the Eastern European ghetto. The Yiddish population grew up in Scotland in the 19th century, but by the late 20th century had mostly switched to using English. The [[creole language|creolisation]] of [[Yiddish]] with [[Scots language|Scots]] was therefore a phenomenon of the middle part of this period.
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| - | The [[Glasgow|Glaswegian]] Jewish poet [[A. C. Jacobs]] also refers to his language as Scots-Yiddish.<ref>{{cite web | first=Mario | last=Relich | title=The Strange Case of A. C. Jacobs | url=http://www.star.ac.uk/darkhorse/archive/RelichOnA_C_Jacobs.pdf}}</ref> There was even a case of a Jewish immigrant who settled in the [[Scottish Highlands|Highlands]] who spoke no English and was only able to speak [[Scottish Gaelic|Gaelic]] and [[Yiddish]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/scotland/history/scotlandonfilm/media_clips/clip_display.shtml?topic=newlife&subtopic=immigration_emigration&clip_name=jewish_immigration_aa|title=Scotland’s Century | year=1999 | format=Real Player | publisher=BBC Radio Scotland}}</ref>
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| - | ==In popular culture==
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| - | * ''The Credit Draper'' – A novel by J.David Simons. A fictional account of a young Russian-Jewish refugee named Avram Escovitz growing up in the [[Gorbals]] in Glasgow before going to work as a credit draper in the [[Scottish Highlands|Highlands]]. Also by the same author, ''The Liberation of Celia Kahn'', a novel about a young Jewish woman from the Gorbals caught up in socialism and feminism in the early 20th century.
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| - | * ''The Fabulous Bagel Boys'' – A one off [[BBC]] television drama set in Glasgow's Jewish community, originally intended to be a series but after a lukewarm reception was not picked up.<ref>{{IMDb title|0381174|The Fabulous Bagel Boys}}</ref>
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| - | * ''Rooms'' – A [[Rock Musical]] telling the story of a Glaswegian music act and its two members, a Glaswegian Jewish girl and her Catholic lover.<ref>{{cite web|title=From Glasgow Bat-Mitzvohs to the New York Rock Scene | first=Irene | last=Backalenick | url=http://www.jewish-theatre.com/visitor/article_display.aspx?articleID=1553}}</ref>
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| - | ==Jewish Community today==
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| - | Today, all Jewish communities in Scotland are represented by the [[Scottish Council of Jewish Communities]] (SCoJeC)
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| - | ==List of Scottish Jews==
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| - | {{main|List of Scottish Jews}}
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| - | Scottish people of some Jewish background, or Jewish people with a Scottish background:
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| - | * [[Ronni Ancona]] (Sephardi), comedienne<ref>''[[Jewish Chronicle]]'', 28/09/2005, ''Diary'' p. 66, "Could there a hint of racial stereotyping in the Almeida's decision to cast two Jewish actors – Ronni Ancona and Henry Goodman – in its upcoming production of The Hypochondriac?"</ref>
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| - | * [[Hazel Cosgrove, Lady Cosgrove]]<ref>{{cite web |publisher=culham.ac.uk|title=Feature article|url=http://www.culham.ac.uk/tvr/Feature/f980917_rh.html}}</ref> first female Court of Session judge
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| - | * [[Ivor Cutler]], musician, teacher and comedian
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| - | * Sir [[Monty Finniston]], industrialist
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| - | * [[Hannah Frank]], artist and sculptor
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| - | * [[Myer Galpern]] MP, Lord Provost of Glasgow
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| - | * [[Ralph Glasser]], psychologist and economist
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| - | * [[Muriel Gray]], author and presenter of ''The Tube''
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| - | * [[Jeremy Isaacs]], broadcaster
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| - | * [[Mark Knopfler]], guitarist and vocalist (Glasgow born)
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| - | * [[Kevin MacDonald (director)]], ''[[Touching the Void (film)|Touching the Void]]''
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| - | * [[Andrea McLean]], [[GMTV]] Presenter (ethnically Russian-Jewish family who converted to Christianity)
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| - | * [[Isi Metzstein]], architect
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| - | * [[Saul Metzstein]], filmmaker
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| - | * [[Malcolm Rifkind]], politician
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| - | * [[Jerry Sadowitz]], controversial comedian and conjurer
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| - | * [[Benno Schotz]], sculptor
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| - | * [[Manny Shinwell]], politician
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| - | * [[Muriel Spark]], novelist<ref>Jewish father; mother Anglican but Muriel Spark's son says that she had Jewish parents; converted to Catholicism later in life</ref>
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| - | * [[Harry Woolf, Baron Woolf]], judge, brought up and educated in Scotland
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| - | ===People of Scottish-Jewish extraction===
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| - | * [[Jack Black]]
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| - | * [[Neve Campbell]]
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| - | * [[Simon Cowell]]
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| - | * [[Robert Downey, Jr.]]
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| - | * [[David Duchovny]]
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| - | * [[Oscar Hammerstein II]]
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| - | * [[Country Joe McDonald]]
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| - | * [[Malcolm McLaren]]
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| - | * [[Phil Ochs]]
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| - | * [[Gavin Rossdale]]
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| - | * [[J.D. Salinger]]
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| - | * [[Alicia Silverstone]], American actress, Scottish born Jewish parents (mother a convert).
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| - | * [[Isla Fisher]], of Scottish extraction, but converted to Judaism as an adult.
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| - | {{History of the Jews in Europe}}
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| - | [[Category:Immigration to Scotland|Jews]]
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| - | [[Category:Jewish British history]]
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| - | [[Category:Jewish history by country|Scotland]]
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| - | [[Category:Jews and Judaism in Scotland|*]]
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| - | -->
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| - | == См. также ==
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| - | * [[История евреев в Ирландии]]
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| - | * [[История евреев в Уэлсе]]
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| - | * [[История евреев в Англии]]
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| - | * [[Список выдающихся английских евреев]]
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| - | | + | |
| - | == Литература ==
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| - | * [http://www.scojec.org/resources/files/scotlands_jews.pdf Collins Dr. KE, Borowski E, and Granat L – ''Scotland's Jews – A Guide to the History and Community of the Jews in Scotland'' (2008)]
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| - | * Levy, A – ''The Origins of Scottish Jewry''
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| - | * Phillips, Abel – ''A History of the Origins of the First Jewish Community in Scotland: Edinburgh, 1816'' (1979)
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| - | * Glasser, R – ''Growing Up in the Gorbals'', Chatto & Windus (1986)
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| - | * Shinwell, Manny – ''Conflict Without Malice'' (1955) – autobiography
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| - | * Conn, A (editor) – ''Serving Their Country- Wartime Memories of Scottish Jews'' (2002)
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| - | * Kaplan, H L – ''Jewish Cemeteries in Scotland'' in Avotaynu, Vol.VII No 4, Winter 1991
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| - | == Источники и ссылки ==
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| - | * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Scotland Статья "History of the Jews in Scotland" в английском разделе Википедии]
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| - | * [http://www.scojec.org/index.html Scottish Council of Jewish Communities]
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| - | * [http://www.dinur.org/1.html?rsID=219 The Jewish History Resource Center] Project of the Dinur Center for Research in Jewish History, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem
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| - | * [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Scotland.html The Virtual Jewish History Tour – Scotland]
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| - | * [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=403&letter=S&search=scotland Jewish Encyclopedia on Scotland]
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| - | * [http://www.ehcong.com/JewishHistory.htm Edinburgh Hebrew Congregation]
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| - | * [http://www.sjac.org.uk/ Scottish Jewish Archives Centre]
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| - | * [http://www.aberdeenhebrew.org.uk/ Aberdeen Hebrew Congregation]
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| - | * [[Jewish Year Book]] (JYB)
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| - | * {{citation | first=David | last=Daiches | title=Two Worlds | year=1956 | publisher=Cannnongate edition 1987 | isbn=0-86241-148-3 | page=119f}}
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| - | Примечания
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| - | {{Примечания}}
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| - | [[Category:История евреев по странам]]
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| - | [[Category:Евреи в Европе]]
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