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| - | {{Персона
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| - | |имя = Чарлз Краутхаммер
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| - | |оригинал имени = Charles Krauthammer
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| - | |описание = <small>Чарлз Краутхаммер</small>
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| - | |дата рождения = 13.03.1950
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| - | |сайт = [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/opinion/columns/krauthammercharles/ Личная страница на сайте "Вошингтон пост"]
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| - | '''Charles Krauthammer, MD''' ({{IPA-en|ˈkraʊt.hæmər|pron}}; born March 13, 1950) is an American [[Pulitzer Prize]]–winning syndicated [[Op-Ed|columnist]], political commentator, and physician. His weekly column appears in ''[[The Washington Post]]'' and is syndicated to more than 275 newspapers and media outlets.<ref>[http://www.harrywalker.com/speaker/Charles-Krauthammer.cfm?Spea_ID=497 The Harry Walker Agency, Inc].</ref> He is a contributing editor to the ''[[Weekly Standard]]'' and ''[[The New Republic]]''. He is also a weekly panelist on the [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]] news program ''[[Inside Washington]]''<ref>[http://www.insidewashington.tv/ Inside Washington]</ref> and a nightly panelist on [[Fox News]]'s ''[[Special Report with Bret Baier]]''.
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| - | ==Life and career==
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| - | Krauthammer was born on March 13, 1950, in New York City.<ref name=autogenerated2>Biography of Charles Krauthammer from [[The Washington Post Writers Group]] http://www.postwritersgroup.com/krauthammer.htm</ref><ref>Interview with [[Brian Lamb]] on [[C-SPAN]], May 1, 2005, http://www.q-and-a.org/Transcript/?ProgramID=1021</ref> He was raised in [[Montreal]], [[Quebec]], where he attended [[McGill University]] and obtained an honors degree in [[political science]] and [[economics]] in 1970. He was a [[Commonwealth Scholar]] in politics at [[Balliol College, Oxford]], 1970–1971. He later moved back to the United States, where he attended [[Harvard Medical School]]. Suffering a paralyzing accident in his first year of medical school,<ref>{{cite news |last=Krauthammer |first=Charles |title=Don't Call It Courage |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=Aug 17, 1984 }}</ref> he was hospitalized for a year, during which time he continued his medical studies.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://flaggman.wordpress.com/2007/11/30/krauthammer-and-goldberg-on-stem-cell-research/ |title=Pres. Bush was right all along: Disabled Dr. Charles Krauthammer on Stem Cell Research|publisher=Flaggman.wordpress.com |date= |accessdate=March 10, 2010}}</ref> He graduated with his class, earning a [[Doctor of Medicine]] from Harvard Medical School in 1975, and went on to complete a residency in psychiatry at [[Massachusetts General Hospital]]. In 1984 he became [[board certified]] in Psychiatry by the [[American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology]]<ref>{{cite web |last=Wood |first=Tom |date=Nov 21, 2008 |title=The College Backgrounds of America’s Leading Newspaper Opinion Columnists |url=http://www.nas.org/polArticles.cfm?doctype_code=Article&doc_id=429 |work=[[National Association of Scholars]] website }}</ref>
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| - | From 1975 to 1978, Krauthammer was a [[Residency (medicine)|resident]] and then a chief resident in Psychiatry at the [[Massachusetts General Hospital]]. Whilst chief resident, he co-discovered a form of [[mania]] resulting from a concomitant medical illness, rather than a primary inherent disorder, which he named "secondary mania"<ref>C. Krauthammer and G. L. Klerman. [http://archpsyc.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/35/11/1333 "Secondary mania: manic syndromes associated with antecedent physical illness or drugs"], ''[[Archives of General Psychiatry]]'' 1978; '''35''':1333–1339.</ref> and co-authored an important chapter (with Gerald Klerman) on the epidemiology of manic illness for the first worldwide textbook of Manic Illness edited by Baron Shopsin.<ref>C. Krauthammer and G. L. Klerman. "The Epidemiology of Mania". In ''Manic Illness'', edited by B. Shopsin, Raven Press, New York, 1979.</ref> Frequent reference to his work appears throughout the 2007 textbook Manic-Depressive Illness, edited by Fred Goodwin and Kay Jamison, a standard reference for bipolar disorder.<ref>Goodwin, Frederick K., and Kay R. Jamison. Manic-Depressive Illness. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2007; second edition.</ref>
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| - | In 1978, Krauthammer quit the practice of psychiatry and came to Washington to direct planning in psychiatric research under the [[Carter administration]]. He began contributing articles about politics to ''[[The New Republic]]'' and in 1980 served as a [[speech writer]] to [[Vice President]] [[Walter Mondale]]. In January 1981, Krauthammer joined ''The New Republic'' as both a writer and editor. In 1984, his ''New Republic'' essays won the "National Magazine Award for Essays and Criticism". In 1983, he began writing essays for ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine, one of which first brought him national acclaim for his development of the "[[Reagan Doctrine]]"...a term that endures to date (see below herein under "Cold War"). In 1985, he began a weekly column for ''[[The Washington Post]]'', which in 1987 was awarded the [[Pulitzer Prize]] for commentary. In 1990, he became a panelist for the weekly PBS political roundtable, [[Inside Washington]]. For the last decade, he has been a political analyst/commentator for Fox News.
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| - | In 2006, the ''[[Financial Times]]'' named Krauthammer the most influential commentator in America,<ref>Barber, Lionel. "Views of the world Who is the most influential commentator in China? Or the most powerful voice in Iran? Or Britain? FT foreign correspondents gave us their picks, and came up with a revealing list that says as much about the world's political elites as the media that analyse them.", ''[[Financial Times]]'', May 20, 2006.</ref> saying "Krauthammer has influenced US foreign policy for more than two decades. He coined and developed 'The Reagan Doctrine' in 1985 and he defined the US role as sole superpower in his essay, 'The Unipolar Moment', published shortly after the fall of the Berlin Wall. Krauthammer's 2004 speech '[http://www.aei.org/books/bookID.755,filter.all/book_detail.asp Democratic Realism]', which was delivered to the [[American Enterprise Institute]] when Krauthammer won the [[Irving Kristol Award]], set out a framework for tackling the post 9/11 world, focusing on the promotion of [[democracy]] in the Middle East."
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| - | In 2009, ''[[Politico (newspaper)|Politico]]'' columnist [[Ben Smith (journalist)|Ben Smith]] wrote that Krauthammer had "emerged in the Age of Obama as a central conservative voice," a "kind of leader of the opposition...a coherent, sophisticated and implacable critic of the new president." ''The New York Times'' columnist [[David Brooks (journalist)|David Brooks]] says that today "he's the most important conservative columnist."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/0509/22743.html |title=Barack Obama's biggest critic: Charles Krauthammer |publisher=Politico.Com |date= |accessdate=March 10, 2010}}</ref> On July 29, 2011, former congressman and [[MSNBC]] host [[Joe Scarborough]] said that Krauthammer "is, without a doubt the most powerful force in American conservatism. He has [been] for two, three, four years."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bing.com/videos/watch/video/is-gop-extremism-is-the-problem-with-us-politics/690t33p?from=|title=Is GOP extremism is the problem with US politics? |publisher=MSNBC |date= |accessdate=August 8, 2011}}</ref>
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| - | Apart from the Pulitzer Prize and the [[National Magazine Awards|National Magazine Award]] for Essays and Criticism, Krauthammer has received numerous other awards, including the [[People for the American Way]]'s First Amendment Award, the Champion/Tuck Award for Economic Understanding, the first annual ($250,000) [[Bradley Foundation#Bradley Prize|Bradley Prize]], and the [[Eric Breindel Award for Excellence in Opinion Journalism]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.postwritersgroup.com/krauthammer.htm |title=The Washington Post Writers Group |publisher=Postwritersgroup.com |date=March 24, 2005 |accessdate=March 10, 2010}}</ref> an annual award given by the [[Eric Breindel|Eric Breindel Foundation]].
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| - | Former president [[Bill Clinton]] called Krauthammer "a brilliant man" in a December 2010 press conference.<ref name="balz1211">{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/12/10/AR2010121007172.html?hpid=topnews|title=Bill Clinton takes the White House stage, again|last=[[Dan Balz|Balz, Dan]]|date=11 December 2010|work=[[Washington Post]]|accessdate=11 December 2010}}</ref> Krauthammer responded, [[tongue-in-cheek]], that "my career is done" and "I'm toast".<ref>[http://www.mediaite.com/tv/charles-krauthammer-responds-to-clintons-brilliant-praise-im-toast/ Charles Krauthammer Responds To Clinton’s "Brilliant" Praise: "I’m Toast"]</ref>
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| - | ==Opinions and ideas==
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| - | ===Foreign policy and interventionism===
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| - | ====Cold War====
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| - | Krauthammer first gained attention in the mid-1980s when he first used the phrase "[[Reagan Doctrine]]" in his ''Time'' magazine column.<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,964873,00.html The Reagan Doctrine] by Charles Krauthammer, ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' magazine, April 1, 1985.</ref> The phrase was a reference to the American foreign policy of supporting anti-communist insurgencies around the globe (most notably [[Nicaragua]], [[Angola]] and [[Afghanistan]]) as a response to the [[Brezhnev Doctrine]] and reflected a U.S. foreign policy that went beyond [[containment]] of the [[Soviet Union]] to [[rollback]] of recent Soviet influence in the [[Third World]]. The policy, which was strongly supported by [[Heritage Foundation]] foreign policy analysts and other conservatives, was ultimately embraced by Reagan's senior national security and foreign policy officials. Krauthammer's description of it as the "[[Reagan Doctrine]]" has since endured.
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| - | In "The Poverty of Realism" (''New Republic'', February 17, 1986), he developed the underlying theory "that the end of American foreign policy is not just the security of the United States, but what [[John Kennedy]] called 'the success of liberty'. That means, first, defending the community of democratic nations (the repository of the liberal idea), and second, encouraging the establishment of new liberal policies at the frontier, most especially in the Third World." The foreign policy, he argued, should be both "universal in aspiration", and "prudent in application", thus combining American [[Idealism (international relations)|idealism]] and [[Realism in international relations theory|realism]]. Over the next 20 years these ideas developed into what is now called "Democratic Realism".
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| - | ====Post–Cold War====
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| - | In the lead article in ''Foreign Affairs,'' titled "The Unipolar Moment"<ref>[http://www.foreignaffairs.org/19910201faessay6067/charles-krauthammer/the-unipolar-moment.html The Unipolar Moment] by Charles Krauthammer, ''[[Foreign Affairs]]'', Winter 1990/1991.</ref> Krauthammer coined the term "unipolarity" to describe the world structure that was emerging with the fall of the Soviet Union. Conventional wisdom of the late 1980s was that the bipolar world of the Cold War would give way to a multipolar world in which the U.S. was one of many centers of power, co-equal to the [[European Union]], Japan, China, and others. Krauthammer predicted that instead, a unipolar world would emerge dominated by the United States with a power gap between the most powerful state and the second-most powerful state that would exceed any other in history. He also suggested that American hegemony would inevitably exist for only a historical "moment", lasting at best for three or four decades.
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| - | Hegemony gave the United States the capacity and responsibility to act unilaterally if necessary, Krauthammer argued. Throughout the 1990s, however, he was circumspect about how that power ought to be used. He split from his neoconservative colleagues who were arguing for an interventionist policy of "American greatness". Krauthammer wrote that in the absence of a global existential threat the United States should stay out of "teacup wars" in failed states, and instead adopt a "dry powder" foreign policy of nonintervention and readiness.<ref name=autogenerated1>[http://www.aei.org/books/bookID.755,filter.all/book_detail.asp Democratic Realism] by Charles Krauthammer, ''[[American Enterprise Institute]]'', February 2004.</ref>
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| - | Krauthammer opposed purely "humanitarian intervention" (with the exception of overt genocide). While he supported the 1991 Gulf War on the grounds of both humanitarianism and strategic necessity (preventing [[Saddam Hussein]] from gaining control of the [[Persian Gulf]] and its resources), he opposed American intervention in the Balkan wars on the grounds that America should not be committing the lives of its soldiers to purely humanitarian missions in which there is no American national interest at stake.<ref>[http://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/krauthammer040300.asp The Path to Putin] by Charles Krauthammer, ''[[Washington Post]]'', April 3, 2000.</ref>
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| - | ===9/11, Iraq and the War on Terror===
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| - | He laid out the underlying principle of strategic necessity restraining democratic idealism in his controversial 2004 [[Irving Kristol Award|Kristol Award]] Lecture: "We will support democracy everywhere, but we will commit blood and treasure only in places where there is a strategic necessity—meaning, places central to the larger war against the existential enemy, the enemy that poses a global mortal threat to freedom."<ref name=autogenerated1 />
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| - | The 9/11 attacks, Krauthammer wrote, made clear the new existential threat and the necessity for a new interventionism. On September 12, 2001 he wrote that, if the suspicion that [[al Qaeda]] was behind the attack proved correct, the United States had no choice but to go to war in Afghanistan.<ref>[http://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/krauthammer091201.asp This Is Not a Crime, This is War] by Charles Krauthammer, ''[[Washington Post]]'', September 12, 2001.</ref> He supported the Iraq war on the "realist" grounds of the strategic threat the Saddam regime posed to the region as UN sanctions were eroding and of his alleged weapons of mass destruction; and on the "idealist" grounds that a self-sustaining democracy in Iraq would be a first step towards changing the poisonous political culture of tyranny, intolerance and religious fanaticism in the Arab world that had incubated the anti-American extremism from which 9/11 emerged.
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| - | In October 2002, he presented what he believed were the primary arguments for and against the war, writing, "Hawks favor war on the grounds that [[Saddam Hussein]] is reckless, tyrannical and instinctively aggressive, and that if he comes into possession of [[nuclear weapons]] in addition to the [[weapons of mass destruction]] he already has, he is likely to use them or share them with [[terrorists]]. The threat of mass death on a scale never before seen residing in the hands of an unstable madman is intolerable – and must be [[preemptive war|preempted]]."
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| - | "Doves oppose war on the grounds that the risks exceed the gains. War with Iraq could be very costly, possibly degenerating into [[urban warfare]]".
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| - | "I happen to believe that the [[preemptive war|preemption school]] is correct, that the risks of allowing [[Saddam Hussein]] to acquire his weapons will only grow with time. Nonetheless, I can both understand and respect those few Democrats who make the principled argument against war with Iraq on the grounds of [[deterrence theory|deterrence]], believing that safety lies in reliance on a proven (if perilous) balance of terror rather than the risky innovation of forcible disarmament by preemption."</blockquote><ref>[http://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/krauthammer100702.asp What Good Is Delay?] by Charles Krauthammer, [[Jewish World Review]], October 7, 2002.</ref>
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| - | On the eve of the invasion, Krauthammer wrote that "[r]eformation and reconstruction of an alien culture are a daunting task. Risky and, yes, arrogant."<ref>{{cite news | last = Krauthammer | first = Charles | title = Coming Ashore | work = Time | volume = 161 | issue = 7 | date = February 17, 2003 | page = 37 | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1004236-1,00.html | accessdate = September 6, 2009}}</ref> In February 2003, Krauthammer cautioned that "it may yet fail. But we cannot afford not to try. There is not a single, remotely plausible, alternative strategy for attacking the monster behind 9/11. It’s not Osama bin Laden; it is the cauldron of political oppression, religious intolerance, and social ruin in the Arab-Islamic world—oppression transmuted and deflected by regimes with no legitimacy into virulent, murderous anti-Americanism."<ref name=autogenerated1 /> Krauthammer in 2003 noted that the [[reconstruction of Iraq]] would provide many benefits for the Iraqi people, once the political and economic infrastructure destroyed by Saddam was restored: "With its oil, its urbanized middle class, its educated population, its essential modernity, Iraq has a future. In two decades Saddam Hussein reduced its GDP by 75 percent. Once its political and industrial infrastructures are reestablished, Iraq's potential for rebound, indeed for explosive growth, is unlimited."<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.townhall.com/columnists/CharlesKrauthammer/2003/09/19/democrats_and_nation_building |title= Democrats and Nation-Building|first=Charles |last=Krauthammer|publisher=The Washington Post |date=September 19, 2003|accessdate=July 20, 2007}}</ref>
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| - | In a speech to the Foreign Policy Association in Philadelphia, he argued that the "[[Arab Spring]]" that had brought the beginnings of democratization in the Arab world had been met in 2006 with a "fierce counterattack" by radical [[Islamist]] forces in Lebanon, Palestine and especially Iraq, which witnessed a major intensification in sectarian warfare.<ref>[http://www.fpri.org/enotes/20061213.krauthammer.pastapogee.html Past the Apogee] by Charles Krauthammer, ''[[Foreign Policy Research Institute]]'', December 2006.</ref> In late 2006 and 2007, he was one of the few commentators to support the surge in Iraq.<ref>"In Baker's Blunder, a Chance for Bush" by Charles Krauthammer [[Washington Post]], December 5, 2006 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/12/14/AR2006121401367.html</ref><ref>"The Surge: First Fruits" by Charles Krauthammer [[Washington Post]], April 13, 2007 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/04/12/AR2007041201823.html</ref>
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| - | ===Ideology===
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| - | Within the American political spectrum, Krauthammer has been called a [[American conservatism|conservative]],.<ref name="Beinert NYT">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/04/30/magazine/30liberal.html?_r=2&pagewanted=print|title=The Rehabilitation of the Cold-War Liberal|last=Beinart|first=Peter|date=April 30, 2006|work=New York TImes|accessdate=August 31, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news
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| - | | title = So, what is a 'neocon'?
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| - | | publisher = Pittsburgh Tribune
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| - | | date = May 29, 2004
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| - | | url = http://www.pittsburghlive.com/x/pittsburghtrib/s_196286.html
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| - | | accessdate = April 8, 2009 }}</ref> However, on domestic issues, Krauthammer is a supporter of [[abortion in the United States|legalized abortion]];<ref>"Giuliani's Abortion 'Gaffe'" by Charles Krauthammer, [[Washington Post]] May 11, 2007 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/05/10/AR2007051001806.html</ref><ref>"Roe v. Roberts" by Charles Krauthammer, [[Washington Post]], September 16, 2005 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/09/15/AR2005091502141.html</ref><ref>"Federalism's New Friends" by Charles Krauthammer, [[Washington Post]], November 8, 1999 http://www.jewishworldreview.com/cols/krauthammer110899.asp</ref> an opponent of the [[Capital punishment in the United States|death penalty]];<ref>"Silent Executions," by Charles Krauthammer, [[Washington Post]], June 14, 1985.</ref><ref>"The Court is Just Doing its Job" by Charles Krauthammer, [[Washington Post]], June 30, 1989.</ref><ref>"Without the Noose, Without the Gag" by Charles Krauthammer, [[Washington Post]], April 24, 1992.</ref><ref>"Sparing Moussaoui for the wrong reasons" by Charles Krauthammer [[Washington Post]], May 12, 2006 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/05/11/AR2006051101949.html</ref> an [[Intelligent Design|intelligent design]] critic and an advocate for the [[scientific consensus]] on [[evolution]], calling the religion-science controversy a "false conflict;"<ref>"Phony Theory, False Conflict" by Charles Krauthammer, [[Washington Post]], November 18, 2005 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/17/AR2005111701304.html</ref><ref>{{ cite news | last = Krauthammer | first = Charles | title = Let's Have No More Monkey Trials | work = Time | volume = 166 | issue = 6 | date = August 8, 2005 | page = 78 | url = http://www.time.com/time/columnist/krauthammer/article/0,9565,1088869,00.html | accessdate = September 6, 2009}}</ref> a supporter of [[embryonic stem cell research]] using embryos discarded by fertility clinics with restrictions in its applications;<ref>"Stem Cell Miracle?" by Charles Krauthammer [[Washington Post]], January 12, 2007 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/11/AR2007011101571.html</ref><ref>"Cell Lines, Moral Lines" by Charles Krauthammer [[Washington Post]], August 5, 2005 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/04/AR2005080401825.html</ref><ref>"Research Cloning? No." by Charles Krauthammer, [[Washington Post]], May 10, 2002 http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&node=&contentId=A63060-2002May9</ref> and a longtime advocate of radically higher energy [[taxation in the United States|taxes]] to induce [[energy conservation|conservation]].<ref>"The Oil-Bust Panic" by Charles Krauthammer, [[The New Republic]], February 21, 1983.</ref><ref>"Pump Some Seriousness Into Energy Policy" by Charles Krauthammer [[Washington Post]], November 11, 2005 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/10/AR2005111001502.html</ref><ref>"Energy Independence?" by Charles Krauthammer, [[Washington Post]], January 26, 2007 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/01/25/AR2007012501547.html</ref><ref>"The Tax-Free Lunch" by Charles Krauthammer, [[Washington Post]], June 29, 2007 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/06/28/AR2007062801793.html</ref> [[Meg Greenfield]], [[editorial]] page editor for ''The Washington Post'' who edited Krauthammer's columns for 15 years, called his weekly column "independent and hard to peg politically. It's a very tough column. There's no '[[trendy]]' in it. You never know what is going to happen next."<ref name=autogenerated2 />
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| - | [[Hendrik Hertzberg]], a former colleague of Krauthammer's at ''The New Republic'' during the 1980s, said that when the two first met in 1978, Krauthammer was "70 per cent [[Walter Mondale|Mondale]] liberal, 30 per cent '[[Scoop Jackson]] Democrat,' that is, hard-line on Israel and relations with the Soviet Union;" while in the mid-1980s, he was still "50-50: fairly liberal on economic and social questions but a full-bore foreign-policy neoconservative." Hertzberg now calls Krauthammer a "pretty solid 90-10 Republican."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newyorker.com/online/blogs/hendrikhertzberg/2009/03/krauthammer-the.html |title=Krauthammer Then and Now |accessdate=March 18, 2009|last=Herzberg |first=Hendrik |authorlink=Hendrik Herzberg|date=March 2, 2009|work=[[The New Yorker]]}}</ref>
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| - | Krauthammer's major monograph on foreign policy, "Democratic Realism: An American Foreign Policy for a Unipolar World,"<ref name=autogenerated1 /> is critical both of the neoconservative Bush doctrine for being too expansive and utopian, and of foreign policy "realism" for being too narrow and immoral; instead, he proposes an alternative he calls "Democratic Realism." In a 2005 speech (later published in ''[[Commentary Magazine]]'') he called neoconservatism "a governing ideology whose time has come." He noted that the original "fathers of neoconservatism" were "former liberals or leftists". More recently, they have been joined by "realists, newly mugged by reality," such as [[Condoleezza Rice]], [[Richard Cheney]], and [[George W. Bush]], who "have given weight to neoconservatism, making it more diverse and, given the newcomers’ past experience, more mature." In "Charlie Gibson's Gaffe" in ''[[The Washington Post]]'', September 13, 2008, Krauthammer elaborated on the changing meanings of the [[Bush Doctrine]] in light of Gibson's controversial questioning of Republican Vice-Presidential candidate [[Sarah Palin]] regarding what exactly the Bush Doctrine was, as if there was a single definition. Palin was criticized for her response. Krauthammer states in the article that "The Bush Doctrine" has had "four distinct meanings, each one succeeding another over the eight years of" the Bush Administration. Krauthammer states that the phrase "Bush Doctrine" originally referred to "the unilateralism that characterized the pre-9/11 first year of the Bush administration." He states that "There is no single meaning of the Bush Doctrine. He also states "the fourth and current definition of the Bush doctrine, the most sweeping formulation of the Bush approach to foreign policy and the one that most clearly and distinctively defines the Bush years: the idea that the fundamental mission of American foreign policy is to spread democracy throughout the world."<ref>"Charlie Gibson's Gaffe" By Charles Krauthammer, Washington Post, September 13, 2008 http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/09/12/AR2008091202457.html</ref>
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| - | ===Religion===
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| - | Krauthammer describes himself as [[Jewish]] but "not religious." In a ''[[Jerusalem Post]]'' interview he reflected on how he had been influenced by his study of [[Maimonides]] at [[McGill]] with [[Rabbi David Hartman]], head of Jerusalem's [[Hartman Institute]] and professor of philosophy at McGill during Krauthammer's student days, to see the grandeur of Jewish culture.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1244371064529&pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull|accessdate=October 11, 2009|publisher=[[The Jerusalem Post]]|title=The unfashionable Charles Krauthammer|date=June 10, 2009}}{{dead link|date=November 2010}}</ref>
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| - | Krauthammer is a critic of [[Intelligent Design|intelligent design]], and wrote several articles in 2005 likening it to "tarted-up [[creationism]]."<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/17/AR2005111701304.html "Phony Theory, False Conflict; ‘Intelligent Design’ Foolishly Pits Evolution Against Faith"] by Charles Krauthammer, ''[[Washington Post]]'', November 18, 2005.</ref>
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| - | He has received a number of awards for his commentary related to religion, including the [[People for the American Way]]’s First Amendment Award for his ''[[The New Republic|New Republic]]'' essay "America's Holy Wars"<ref>[http://www.aei.org/publications/pubID.19265,filter.all/pub_detail.asp "Charles Krauthammer to Receive 2004 Irving Kristol Award"], American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, October 1, 2003.</ref> in 1985, and the [[Guardian of Zion Award]] of [[Bar-Ilan University]] in 2002.<ref>[http://www.cdn-friends-icej.ca/isreport/june02/defense.html "Charles Krauthammer: A Pen in Defense of Zion"] by Bret Stephens, ''Jerusalem Post'', June 13, 2002.</ref>
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| - | Krauthammer opposed the [[Park51]] Islamic [[community center]] project in [[Manhattan]] for “reasons of common decency and respect for the sacred. No commercial tower over Gettysburg, no convent at Auschwitz - and no mosque at Ground Zero. Build it anywhere but there.” <ref>["Build the mosque anywhere but Ground Zero" http://www.nydailynews.com/opinions/2010/08/13/2010-08-13_build_it_anywhere_but_here.html#ixzz11h3ylplN] ''[[New York Daily News]]''</ref></blockquote>
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| - | ===Medicine===
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| - | ====President's Council on Bioethics====
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| - | Krauthammer was appointed to President [[George W. Bush]]'s [[President's Council on Bioethics]] in 2002. He supported relaxing the Bush administration's limits on federal funding of human embryonic [[stem cell research]].<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/08/04/AR2005080401825.html "Cell Lines, Moral Lines; Research Should Expand—With a Key Limit"] by Charles Krauthammer, ''[[Washington Post]]'', Friday, August 5, 2005.</ref> But he has opposed [[human experimentation]], human [[cloning]] and [[euthanasia]].<ref>Krauthammer: "The Great Stem Cell Hoax" by Charles Krauthammer, ''[[Weekly Standard]]'', August 13, 2001.</ref> He has warned that scientists were beginning to develop the power of "creating a class of superhumans." A fellow member of the Council, [[Janet D. Rowley]], insists that Krauthammer's vision is still an issue far in the future and not a topic to be discussed at the present time.<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2002/01/18/politics/18ETHI.html "Bush's Advisers on Ethics Discuss Human Cloning"]{{dead link|date=November 2010}} by Sheryl Gay Stolberg, ''[[New York Times]]'', January 18, 2002.</ref> In March 2009, he was invited to the signing of the executive order by President Obama at the White House but declined to attend due to the "door being left open" as to the cloning of human embryos and the creation of normal human embryos solely for purposes of research. He also contrasted the "moral seriousness" of Bush's stem cell address of August 9, 2001 with that of Obama's address on stem cells.<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/03/12/AR2009031202764.html "Obama's 'Science' Fiction"] by Charles Krauthammer, ''[[Washington Post]]'', March 13, 2009.</ref>
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| - | ====End of life care====
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| - | Krauthammer is critical of the idea of [[living wills]] and the current state of [[End-of-life (medical treatment)|end of life counseling]] in the U.S. He has written:
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| - | {{quote|When my father was dying, my mother and brother and I had to decide how much treatment to pursue. What was a better way to ascertain my father's wishes: What he checked off on a form one fine summer's day years before being stricken; or what we, who had known him intimately for decades, thought he would want? The answer is obvious.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/08/20/AR2009082003035.html?nav=rss_opinion/columns|author=Krauthammer, Charles|publisher=Washington Post|date=August 21, 2009|accessdate=August 21, 2009|title=The Truth About Death Counseling}}</ref></blockquote>}}
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| - | ===Miers nomination===
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| - | Krauthammer criticized President [[George W. Bush]]'s nomination of [[Harriet Miers]] to succeed [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]] Justice [[Sandra Day O'Connor]]. He called the nomination of Miers a "mistake" on several occasions. He noted her lack of constitutional experience as the main obstacle to her nomination.
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| - | On October 21, 2005, Charles Krauthammer published "Miers: The Only Exit Strategy,"<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/20/AR2005102001635.html "Miers: The Only Exit Strategy"] by Charles Krauthammer, ''[[Washington Post]]'', October 12, 2006.</ref> in which he explained that all of Miers' relevant constitutional writings are protected by both [[attorney-client privilege]] and [[executive privilege]]. This presented a unique face-saving solution to the mistake: "Miers withdraws out of respect for both the Senate and the executive's prerogatives".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.realclearpolitics.com/Commentary/com-10_21_05_CK.html |title=Commentary – An Exit Strategy for the Miers Debacle by Charles Krauthammer |publisher=RealClearPolitics |date=October 21, 2005 |accessdate=March 10, 2010}}</ref> Six days later Miers withdrew, employing that argument. She stated her respect for "the strength and independence of our three branches of government" and noted that the "protection of the prerogatives of the Executive Branch and continued pursuit of my confirmation are in tension." Therefore, "I have decided that seeking my confirmation should yield."<ref>[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/10/27/AR2005102700680.html "Text of Miers's Letter to President Bush"] White House.</ref>
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| - | The same day, NPR noted that "Krauthammer's scenario played out almost exactly as he wrote."<ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4978311 "Conservative Columnist's Miers Plan Played Out"] NPR.</ref> Columnist E.J. Dionne wrote that the White House was following Krauthammer’s strategy "almost to the letter."<ref>[http://www.realclearpolitics.com/Commentary/com-10_28_05_EJD.html "Conservatives Will Regret the Miers Withdrawal"] E.J. Dionne.</ref> And a few weeks later, the ''New York Times'' reported that Krauthammer's "exit strategy" was "exactly what happened" and that he "has subsequently gotten credit for giving [the Bush administration] a plan."<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/11/weekinreview/11kornblut.html "He Says Yes to Legalized Torture"] New York Times.</ref>
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| - | ===Israel===
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| - | Krauthammer strongly opposed the [[Oslo accords]], predicting that [[Palestinian Liberation Organization]] leader [[Yasir Arafat]] would use the foothold it gave him in the [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza]] to continue the war against [[Israel]] which he had ostensibly renounced in the [[Israel – Palestine Liberation Organization letters of recognition|Israel – PLO Letters of Recognition]]. In a July 2006 essay in ''[[Time Magazine|Time]]'', Krauthammer asserted that the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]] was fundamentally defined by the Palestinians' unwillingness to accept compromise.<ref>{{cite news | last = Krauthammer | first = Charles | title = Remember What Happened Here | work = Time | volume = 168 | issue = 2 | date = July 10, 2006 | page = 76 | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1209965,00.html | accessdate = September 6, 2009}}</ref>
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| - | During the [[2006 Lebanon War|Israel–Lebanon war in 2006]], Krauthammer wrote a column, "Let Israel Win the War," saying: "What other country, when attacked in an unprovoked aggression across a recognized international frontier, is then put on a countdown clock by the world, given a limited time window in which to fight back, regardless of whether it has restored its own security?"<ref>[http://www.realclearpolitics.com/articles/2006/07/lost_moral_bearings.html "Let Israel Win the War"] by Charles Krauthammer, www.realclearpolitics.com, July 28, 2006.</ref> He later criticized the Israeli Prime Minister [[Ehud Olmert]]'s conduct, arguing that he "has provided unsteady and uncertain leadership. Foolishly relying on air power alone, he denied his generals the ground offensive they wanted, only to reverse himself later."<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/08/03/AR2006080301258.html | work=The Washington Post | title=Israel's Lost Moment | first=Charles | last=Krauthammer | date=August 4, 2006 | accessdate=April 28, 2010}}</ref>
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| - | Krauthammer supports a [[two-state solution]] to the conflict. Contrary to many conservatives, he supported Israel's [[Gaza withdrawal]] as a step toward rationalizing the frontiers between [[Israel]] and a future [[Palestinian state]]. He believes a security barrier between the two states' final borders will be an important element of any lasting peace.<ref>[http://media.www.yucommentator.com/media/storage/paper652/news/2002/11/10/News/Yeshiva.Students.Attend.Wexner.Memorial.Lecture.Krauthammer.Draws.Tremendous.Cro-664160.shtml Yeshiva Students Attend Wexner Memorial Lecture Krauthammer Draws Tremendous Crowd].</ref>
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| - | Krauthammer called [[Richard Goldstone]]’s [[United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict|U.N. report on the 2008 Gaza war]], which states that Israel deliberately targeted and then killed Palestinian civilians, "a blood libel, ranking with the libels of the 19th century in which Jews were accused of ritually slaughtering children in order to use the blood in rituals."<ref>http://www.nationalreview.com/corner/264075/krauthammers-take-nro-staff</ref> Goldstone himself retracted the report.<ref>http://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/03/world/middleeast/03goldstone.html</ref>
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| - | {{Fox News Personalities}}
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| - | {{PulitzerPrize Commentary 1976–2000}}
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| - | == Источники и ссылки ==
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| - | * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer Статья "Charles Krauthammer" из английского раздела Википедии]
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| - | * [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/opinion/columns/krauthammercharles/ Krauthammer's Weekly Column in ''The Washington Post'']
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| - | * [http://jewishworldreview.com/cols/krauthammer.archives.asp Krauthammer Archives at ''[[Jewish World Review]]'']
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| - | * [http://www.postwritersgroup.com/krauthammer.htm Krauthammer's biography at The Washington Post Writers Group website]
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| - | == Примечания ==
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