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| + | #redirect [[:ej:Шавей Исраэль]] |
| - | '''''Shavei Israel''''' ({{lang-he|שבי ישראל}}, ''Israel returns'') is an Israeli-based [[Jewish]] organization that reaches out to descendants of [[Jews]] around the world and aims to strengthen their connection with [[Israel]] and the [[Jewish]] people. Founded by [[Michael Freund]], ''Shavei Israel'' locates [[lost Jews]] and hidden [[Jewish]] communities and assists them with returning to their roots. The organization’s team is composed of academics, educators and rabbinical figures.
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| - | ==Goals==
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| - | '''''Shavei Israel''''' is active in nine different countries with a variety of communities, most notably the [[Bnei Menashe]] of northeastern [[India]], who are descendants of one of the [[Ten Lost Tribes]] of [[Israel]].
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| - | [[Файл:MichaelFroind.JPG|250px|right|thumb|Михаэль Фройнд с мальчиком из Бней-Менаше в Мизораме, Индия]]
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| - | ''Shavei Israel'' is also extensively involved with emerging communities in [[Spain]], [[Portugal]], [[South America|South]] and [[Central America]], seeking people whose [[Sephardic]] ancestors were forced to convert to Catholicism during the Spanish and Portuguese [[inquisitions]] in those lands. The descendants of these forced converts were known as [[Marranos]], they are also known as [[crypto-Jews]] if they maintained their Jewish faith in secrecy, or as [[Anusim]] if later generations eventually embraced [[Roman Catholic Church|Catholicism]] and lost all connection with their Jewish roots.
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| - | In recent years, ''Shavei Israel'' has been assisting an increasing number of Hidden Jews from the [[Holocaust]] era in [[Poland]] who have begun to discover their families’ [[Jewish]] roots. The organization is enabling them to play an active role in reclaiming their [[Jewish]] identity and rebuilding [[Jewish]] life in [[Poland]].
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| - | ''Shavei Israel'' states to help people whose Jewishness was lost through cultural assimilation to reconnect with the [[Jewish]] people.<ref>[http://www.shavei.org/communities/bnei_menashe/articles-bnei_menashe/the-emergence-turkey%E2%80%99s-hidden-jews-2/?lang=en The Emergence of Turkey’s Hidden Jews], Michael Freund, originally 24/03/2011, The Jerusalem Post, at the Shavei Israel website</ref>
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| - | ''Shavei Israel'' insists that it is not a [[missionary]] organization, but simply a group trying to reconnect people to their Jewish roots.
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| - | ==Activities==
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| - | '''''Shavei Israel''''' sponsors rabbis and teachers to work with various groups of "lost Jews" in places as far afield as [[India]] and the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. ''Shavei Israel'' rabbis are currently posted in [[Palma de Mallorca]], [[Barcelona]], [[Valencia, Spain|Valencia]] and [[Sevilla]] in [[Spain]], [[Belmonte]] in northern [[Portugal]], [[Brazil]], [[Krakow]] and [[Wroclaw]] in [[Poland]], and at the Shavei Israel Hebrew Centers in [[Mizoram]] and [[Manipur]], in [[North-East India]].
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| - | Most recently ''Shavei Israel'' sent Rabbi Shlomo Zelig Avrasin to the remaining [[Subbotniks|Subbotnik]] [[Jewish]] communities in [[Russia]].<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3992298,00.html Russia's Subbotnik Jews get rabbi], Ynetnews, 12.09.10</ref>
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| - | ''Shavei Israel'' offers various educational options in Israel, including [http://www.shavei.org/machon-miriam/?lang=en Machon Miriam], the only Spanish-language conversion and return institute in [[Jerusalem]]. Dozens of Spanish and Portuguese crypto-Jews graduate from Machon Miriam each year, and proceed to undergo formal conversion by [[Chief Rabbinate of Israel|Israel’s Chief Rabbinate]]
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| - | ''Shavei Israel'' is largely responsible for the Israeli Chief Rabbi’s recognition of the [[Bnei Menashe]] as ''descendants of Israel'' in March 2005, which paved the way for hundreds of community members to move to the Jewish state.<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3831308,00.html Members of Bnei Menashe to make aliyah], Itamar Eichner, ynetnews.com, 01.08.10</ref>
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| - | ''Shavei Israel'' has assisted over some 1,700 [[Bnei Menashe]] make [[Aliyah]] (immigrate to Israel)<ref>[http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/faith/article2100226.ece Faith News], Bess Twiston-Davies, [[The Times]], 22 October 2005</ref> [2]. The organization continues to work with the [[Bnei Menashe]] community in Israel assisting them in their integration into [[Israel]]i society. However another 7,200 [[Bnei Menashe]] still remain in [[India]], and while they wait the ''Shavei Israel'' Hebrew Centers work with the community to lay the foundations for [[Aliyah]] by teaching them [[Hebrew]] for the day when they too will be able to return to [[Israel]].
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| - | ''Shavei Israel'' has also published a series of books on Judaism in a dozen languages, including Chinese, Japanese, Mizo, Spanish, French, Portuguese, Russian and German.<ref>[http://www.shavei.org/products-page/?lang=en Book Store], Shavei.org</ref>
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| - | ''Shavei Israel'' also helps people who have converted to Judaism make [[Aliyah]].
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| - | ==Criticism==
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| - | Shavei has been under criticism for its limited vision of the Jew Status and Jewishness. Many rabbinical and secular notions state that a Jew is always a Jew, no matter how much he or she stood away from the rabbinical tradition. The laws for Sephardic Anussim sustained by Sephardic rabbis and rabbinic wisemen for more than 600 years defined “anuss” as any Jew forced to abandon Jewish legal practice, but still remains Jewish anyway, seeing that, in rabbinic law, an anuss does not need to be formally converted (though workers of Shavei affirm they do not convert in the strict sense, people who contact with their projects frequently use the term conversion<ref>[http://jvoices.com/wp-content/birnbaumconversion.pdf Fw: RV: RE: RESPUESTA DE SHAVEI ISRAEL RESPECTO DE CONVERSIONES ORTODOXAS EN ECUADOR], jvoices.com, April 20, 2009</ref>), and in some rabbinical opinions the Anussim retain a higher statute than a Jew free to observe Judaism on the inside of a Jewish community.
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| - | It has also been accused of giving only some attention to groups like the Majorca [[Chuetas]] and the Belmonte Jews, whom “have been abandoned by the Sephardim”, and that attention given by Shavei comes always accompanied by “some historical and dialectical inconsistencies”. Shavei is frequently accused of favouring Ashkenazi ways, ignoring the Sephardi Chief Rabbinate of Israel and ignoring that these populations are “Sephardi Jews with specific customs and ways of living under the [[halakha]].” Its lack of transparency is also an usual target of criticism. The tops-down structure and excessive clericalism of Shavei is also criticized, seeing that it ignores that “being a Jew is also a matter of communal agreement” with the communities that they try to convert, something which they do not try to reach.
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| - | These critics affirm that the non missionary character of Shavei is a sham, and that it is made by the “Secular Arm” of the [[Government of Israel|Israeli government]]. The supposed separations of Freund’s Amishav and Shavei is also noted by critics, and much noted and believed by the public oppinion.<ref>[http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/72772 Brazil?s (sic) Anousim Get a Rabbi], IsraelNationalNews.com, March 3, 2011 27 AdarI,5771</ref><ref>[Bnei Menashe – Shavei Israel – A Wisdom Archive on Bnei Menashe – Shavei Israel], experiencefestival.com</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4400957.stm Rabbi backs India's 'lost Jews'], BBC News, South Asia, 1 April 2005</ref>
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| - | Shavei may also be accused of fooling different crowds by using the word “return” for defending their actions (“return” to the Jewish nation being understood in different ways by the Israeli government, Israeli rabbinates, and Jewish law).[citation needed] The Jewish return law does not include [[Ritual washing in Judaism|tevilah]], for a [[meshumad]] (former heretic) or an anuss (coerced converted Jew).<ref>[http://mechon-mamre.org/i/1500n.htm הִלְכּוֹת תְּשׁוּבָה – מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה אַחַת, וְהִיא שֶׁיָּשׁוּב הַחוֹטֶא מֵחֶטְאוֹ לִפְנֵי ה', וְיִתְוַדֶּה. וּבֵאוּר מִצְוָה זוֹ וְעִיקָרִים הַנִּגְרָרִים עִמָּהּ בִּגְלָלָהּ, בִּפְרָקִים אֵלּוּ.]</ref>
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| - | Rabbis related with Shavei have also been accused of having turned tense the relations with local non-[[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] spiritual traditions and favoring Israeli traditions.<ref>[http://www.ourjerusalem.com/news/story/news20031018.html For Portugal’s crypto-Jews, new rabbi tries to blend tradition with local custom], Jerome Socolovsky, Our Jerusalem.com, October 13, 2003</ref>
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| - | While Freund and his supporters affirm that his critics engage in [[Lashon hara|Lashon haRá]] ([[evil tongue]]/[[rumour]]s), the critics answer that many Shavei publications induce readers and Sephardim-Anussim in error and have many transgressions of Jewish law, and that they are truly preserving Jewish Law by attacking Shavei’s actions. They accuse Shavei of not being transparent on its motives, fooling Bnei Menashe for using them as [[Jewish settlements|settlers]] in areas disputed with [[Arab]] populations,<ref>[’Lost Tribe’ Finds Itself on Front Lines of Mideast Conflict], Greg Myre, New York Times, December 22, 2003, (Page 2 of 2)</ref><ref>[http://www.jewishaz.com/jewishnews/021227/tribe.shtml Lost Tribe' makes aliyah] JESSICA STEINBERG, December 27, 2002/Tevet 22 5763, Jewishaz, Vol. 55, No. 18</ref> of treating Sephardim-Anusim as [[Goy|Gentile]] converts to Judaism (denying them so their culture and ancestrally<ref>[http://jvoices.com/wp-content/freund1103.pdf RE: [anusim] Re: Who is REALLY vs. the Anusim], jvoices.com</ref>) and of “Ashkenazifying” them [citation needed].
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| - | The Shavei actions towards the Bnei Menashe are especially criticized and analyzed. In 1979 the Amishav, na Israeli organization founded by Rabbi [[Eliyahu Avichail]] and dedicated to locating the Lost Tribes of Israel (with the objective of contracting the population increase of a “bourgeoning” Arab population by their mass return<ref>[http://www.jewishaz.com/jewishnews/021227/tribe.shtml Lost Tribe' makes aliyah] JESSICA STEINBERG, December 27, 2002/Tevet 22 5763, Jewishaz, Vol. 55, No. 18</ref>), heard of a group in India which affirmed to descend of Israelites. The Rabbi travelled to India several times during the 1980s for investigating the claims. Convinced that the Bnei Menashe were in fact descendants of Israelites, he dedicated himself to converting them to [[Orthodox Judaism]] and ease its aliyah with funds given by benefactors like the [[International Fellowship of Christians and Jews]], an US-Israeli organization which rises funds of Evangelical Christians for Jewish causes. By influence of the involvement of Shavei and other related Jewish organizations, from 1994 to 2003 800 Bnei Menashe made Aliyah to Israel, the majority going to [[Jewish settlements]].
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| - | In 1998, the US-Israeli writer and [[New York Sun]] columnist [[Hillel Halkin]] travels to India with Rabbi Avichail for meeting himself with the Bnei Menashe and writes a widely-analyzed book on it titled Across The Sabbath River (2002). Halkin’s conclusions were that the immense majority of the Kuki-Mizo do not descend from the lost tribe of Manasseh but small numbers of them may in fact descend from this, and having passed their history and traditions to the remaining Kuki-Mizo people. The Rabbi left the leadership of Amishav for the [[Jerusalem Post]] columnist and former vice director of communications and policy planning of the Prime Ministers Office Michael Freund, who founds Shavei Israel. In 2003, the formerly Shavei sponsored Hillel Halkin starts collecting 350 genetic samples of Mizo-Kuki which are tested in the [[Technion – Israel Institute of Technology]] of [[Haifa]] under the guidance of Prof. Karl Skorecki. In agreement to the late Mizo research scholar, Isaac Hmar Intoate, who helped collect the samples, no proof was found which seemed to indicate a [[Middle East]]ern origin for the Mizo-Chin-Kuki.<ref>[http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=leisure.essays.Isaac_Hmar.The_Jewish_Connection_Myth_or_Reality The Jewish Connection, Myth or Reality], Isaac Hmar</ref><ref>[http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=leisure.essays.Isaac_Hmar.The_lost_and_found_Jews_in_Manipur_and_Mizoram The lost and found Jews in Manipur and Mizoram], Isaac Hmar</ref>
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| - | In 2003 the Israeli Minister of Interior Avraham Poraz froze indefinitely the Bnei Menashe immigration (after accusations by [[Ofir Pines-Paz]], future Minister of Science and Technology, that the Bnei Menashe were “being cynically exploited for political aims", settling in the settlements in the disputed areas of the [[Gaza Strip]] and the [[West Bank]]/[[Judea and Samaria]]). In August of the following year in response to this action, the Israeli Sephardi Chief Rabbi Shlomo Amar sends a rabbinic committee to investigate the origins of the Bnei Menashe. In 2004, [[DNA test]]ings in the Calcutta Central Forensic Sciences Laboratory affirmed to have discovered proves of Middle East genes among a sample of Mizo-Kuki-Chin in an internet article titled [http://genomebiology.com/content/pdf/gb-2004-6-1-p1.pdf Tracking the genetic imprints of lost Jewish tribes among the gene pool of Kuki-Chin-Mizo population of India]. This article is still to be peer-reviewed but already led to some critical answers (by Prof. Shorecki in an article in Haaretz,<ref>[http://www.amren.com/mtnews/archives/2005/04/in_search_of_je.php In Search of Jewish Chromosomes in India], Yair Sheleg, Haaretz, Apr. 1</ref> referred to by a BBC News article the same day, as indicating non Jewish paternal root but maternal possibly Middle Eastern root, and also stating that "right wing Jewish groups wanted such conversions of distant people to boost the population in areas disputed by the Palestinians",<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4400957.stm Rabbi backs India's 'lost Jews'], BBC News, South Asia, 1 April 2005</ref> and Hillel Halkin described how he contacted two of the authors, "V.K. Kashyap and Bhaswar Maity, with a request of additional information", but the information not only was not given as Kashyap and Maity never published the article, what would subject it to peer evaluation).
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| - | Thanks to Shavei lobbying and these doubtful DNA tests, in March 2005 Rabbi Shlomo Amar announced the recognition of the Bnei Menashe by Israel and their possibility of immigration under the Law of Return, after a full conversion in face of their separation from Judaism.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4400957.stm Rabbi backs India's 'lost Jews'], BBC News, South Asia, 1 April 2005</ref> In June 2005 the Bnei Menashe completed the construction of a [[mikvah]], a ritual bath tank, in Mizoram under the supervision of Israeli Rabbis in way to start the process of [[conversion to Judaism]].<ref>[http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2005/09/17/windia17.xml "India's lost tribe recognized as Jews after 2,700 years"], Peter Foster, Telegraph.co.uk, 17 de 09 de 2005</ref> Short afterwards, a similar mikvah was built in Manipur (Shavei was involved in all this mass conversion and immigration process<ref>[http://www.jewishaz.com/jewishnews/021227/tribe.shtml Lost Tribe' makes aliyah] JESSICA STEINBERG, December 27, 2002/Tevet 22 5763, Jewishaz, Vol. 55, No. 18</ref>). In mid-2005, with the help of Shavei Israel and the [[Kiryat Arba]] local council, the Bnei Menashe opened their first community center in Israel. This is seen by Shavei critics as showing its wrong conception of conversion for elements that (to being genetically confirmed as “Lost Jews”) are still [[de facto]] Jews.
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| - | Freund talks many times of the Bnei Menashe from the utility to Israel point of view: he calls them "a blessing to the State of Israel" for being "dedicated Jews and Zionists",<ref>[http://www.deccanherald.com/deccanherald/sep10/n18.asp "NE Jews pine for ‘Promised Land’"], Deccan Herald, Anirban Bhaumik, 2003-09-10</ref> he believes that "groups like the Bnei Menashe constitute a wide demographic and spiritual reserve, for being used, by Israel and the Jewish people"<ref>[http://www.jewishaz.com/jewishnews/021227/tribe.shtml "'Lost Tribe' makes aliyah"], Jessica Steinberg, Jewish News of Greater Phoenix, 2002-12-27</ref> and on the support to the settling of 218 Bnei Menashe on the High [[Nazareth]] and [[Karmiel]] in November 2005 expressed by the Jerusalem Post ("after what the North passed by this Summer during the Lebanon war, it is especially meaningful that the Bnei Menashe will help to strengthen and revitalize this part of Israel"). In the last two decades about 1,700 Bnei Menashe moved to Israel, mainly settlements in the [[West Bank]]<ref>[http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/123481 "More than 200 Bnei Menashe arriving in Israel"], Israel National News</ref> and [[Gaza Strip]] (until the [[Israel's unilateral disengagement plan|disengagement]]).
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| - | Shavei and Amishav may be accused of creating division among the Bnei Menashe people: in interview to the Northeast India [[Grassroots Options]] magazine Halkin explained that "Avichail is today a man in his seventies, and many years ago, convinced that Amishav needed a younger leadership, gave away his position to an American-Israeli journalist, Michael Freund. The two (Avichail and Freund) ultimately shocked on organizational issues, and Freund left Amishav and founded an organization called Shavei Israel. Both men have their supporters on the inside of the B’nei Menashe community in Israel, although Avichail continues to be the most influential and admired figure." He added that "tribal rivalries and Kuki-Mizo tribal clans have also played a role on the schism, with some groups supporting a man and some the other. Because Freund is independently rich, Shavei Israel is the better financed of the two organizations and has been capable of conducting more activities, particularly in the area of supporting Jewish education for the B'nei Menashe in Aizawl and Imphal".<ref>[http://www.grassrootsoptions.org/index.php?module=Pagesetter&func=viewpub&tid=4&pid=0 "Interview with Hillel Halkin", Linda Chhakchhuak, Grassroots Options]</ref> Among the Mizo-Kuki out of the Bnei Menashem the Shavei acts also caused tension, provoking strong controversy with the evangelical churches predominant among those ethnic groups (mainly during the television debate between Dr Biaksiama of the [[Aizawl]] Christian Research Center and [[Lalchanhima Sailo]], founder of the Chhinlung Israel People’s Convention (CIPC), a secessionist Mizo organization which on the contrary prefers to create independent Mizo Israelite nations inside India to the return to Israel.<ref>[http://www.travelblog.org/Asia/India/blog-4257.html "Mizoram: A State of Israel in South East Asia"], Simon Says, TravelBlog, 2004-02-15]</ref><ref>[http://www.travelblog.org/Asia/India/blog-4468.html "An emerging Israel in Mizoram"], Simon Says, TravelBlog, 2004-12-19</ref><ref>[http://www.northeastvigil.in/archives/?p=3140 ], Northeast Vigil</ref> Biaksiama was also author of Mizo Nge Israel? (Mizo or Israelite?) on this subject.<ref>[http://farshores.org/a04mizo2.htm "New Book X-Rays 'Baseless' Mizo Israel Identity"], farshores.org, David M. Thangliana, 2004-10-26</ref>
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| - | This subject concerns people in India out of the Mizo-Kuki ethnicities. As Dr. Biaksiama states “mass conversion by foreigner priests will rise a threat not only to the social stability of the region, but also to national security. A large number of people will forsake loyalty to the Union of India, as they all will become eligible for a foreign citizenship”.<ref>[http://farshores.org/a04mizo2.htm "New Book X-Rays 'Baseless' Mizo Israel Identity"], farshores.org, David M. Thangliana, 2004-10-26</ref>
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| - | Shavei’s action also affected the close and healthy relations between Israel and India, motivating even the Israeli government to stop the conversions in November 2005 for calming the concerns of the [[Government of India|Indian rulers]]. This decision not only worsened the relations of the Bnei Menashe with the Indian government (the Bnei Menashe defended that the actions of the Israeli rabbis only formalized previous conversions and did not count as [[proselitism|proselitising]] in light of Indian law), but also of some Hindu groups with the government (affirmed that the care in favor of Mizo-Kuki Christians facing conversion to Judaism was not shown by the government to the conversion of Hindus by Christian groups).<ref>[http://www.organiser.org/dynamic/modules.php?name=Content&pa=showpage&pid=113&page=14 "UPA Government goes out to help conversion"], Organiser.org, Surya Narain Saxena, 2006-01-15</ref>[37] Freund took an aggressive posture against the government and threatened the same responsible minister that he would take him to the Supreme Court if he did not ease the arrival of the Bnei Menashe. In face of the decision in October 2007 of passing to take decisions on the mass entry in Israel and conversions in Cabinet reunions and not by one single minister (in the attempt of making more difficult the taking of decisions), Freund again promised to fight the government on this issue.<ref>[http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/123987 Campaign Against Govt's Anti-Aliyah Decision], Hillel Fendel, IsraelNationalNews.com</ref> Despite these tensions Shavei did not stop continuing takings of people in November 2006 (first group of 100 Mizoram<ref>[http://in.rediff.com/news/2006/nov/21jews.htm "Exodus of Indian Jews from north-east to Israel"], Harinder Mishra, 2006-11-21</ref><ref>[http://sify.com/news/fullstory.php?id=14331822 "Mizoram’s ‘lost Jews’ leave for Israel"], Sify</ref><ref>[http://www.hindu.com/2006/11/22/stories/2006112208452200.htm "Indian Jews immigrate to Israel"], The Hindu, 22 November 2006</ref>), Agosto de 2007 (mais de 260 Bnei Menashe<ref>[http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/123481 "More Than 260 Bnei Menashe Arriving in Israel"], Arutz Sheva</ref> and in January 2009 (more than 200 Bnei Menashe). In January 2010 the Israeli government announces that the remaining 7,200 Bnei Menashe can make Aliyah within a period of 1-2 years after passing by conversion in Nepal.<ref>[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3831308,00.html "Members of Bnei Menashe to make aliyah"], Arutz Sheva</ref>
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| - | == См. также ==
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| - | * [[Gathering of Israel]]
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| - | == Источники и ссылки ==
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| - | * [http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shavei_Israel Статья "Shavei Israel" в английском разделе Википедии]
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| - | * [http://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/שבי_ישראל Статья "שבי ישראל" в ивритском разделе Википедии]
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| - | * [http://www.shavei.org Shavei Israel website]
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| - | * [http://www.saudades.org/ Saudades, Shavei-related site on Portuguese Sephardi history and subjects]
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| - | * [http://www.sephardim.com/ Sephardim], a Shavei-related site on Sephardis
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| - | == Примечания ==
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| - | {{reflist}}
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| - | [[Category:Jewish educational organizations|Outreach]]
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